Risk And Resilience And Factors Example

Hazard And Resilience And Factors Example Hazard And Resilience And Factors †Coursework Example Hazard and Resilience in the event that, one Specialist Ramirez has a solid social emotionally supportive network. This is a strong factor since it offers love, fellowship and a motivating force for the veteran to endure the cruel states of war. These incorporate the sendoff party before joining the military, the solid security with his battle group which kept him alive, and the warm invite he got on getting back after the war. Without the solid emotionally supportive network, he would have been powerless to the couple of hazard factors that may have influenced his mental wellbeing, for example, seeing the rough demise of two of his companions. As indicated by Kaylor et al., (1987), â€Å"exposure to battle, including being terminated on and seeing the passing of individual unit individuals, is the stressor that has ruled military veteran examination, with suggestions for both intense and constant pressure responses. On the off chance that two, the main versatile factor was the guid ing Specialist Johnson got during his organization after he went to recover the consumed stays of a little youngster. It helped him adapt the horrendous experience. Nonetheless, the glaring danger factor he confronted was the nonattendance of any social emotionally supportive network from loved ones. The catastrophes saw in his life preceding his organization, for example, confronting the tropical storm Katrina and his parents’ separate from left him distanced. What's more, the steady analysis from the Major and nonappearance of any warm greeting from his family made him defenseless against stress. All in all, the veteran on the off chance that two has a more serious danger of building up a battle related mental issue. This is a direct result of the nonappearance of a solid social emotionally supportive network that may have filled in as an outlet for his repressed feelings emerging from his dealing with the consumed stays of the casualty during the war. As per McCarroll, Urs ano, and Fullerton (1995) and Sutker, Uddo, Brailey, Vasterling, and Errera (1994) â€Å"Prior research with veterans of the 1990â€1991 Gulf War, in addition, has demonstrated that the treatment of human remains was particularly disturbing.† ReferencesKaylor, J., King, D. and King, L. (1987) Psychological impacts of military help in Vietnam: a Meta investigation Psychological Bulletin, 102, 257-271McCarroll, J., Ursano, R., Fullerton, C. (1993). Indications of PTSD following recuperation of war dead: 13-multi month development. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 939-941.Sutker, P. B., Uddo, M., Brailey, K., Vasterling, J. J. and Errera, P. (1994) Psychopathology in combat area sent and nondeployed Operation Desert Storm troops alloted graves enrollment obligations. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 103(2), 4-12. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.383

Group dynamics paper

Division Group A gathering is characterized as a cooperation between at least two individuals planning to accomplish a shared objective. As per Griffin Moorhead (2011, p.241), there exists two sorts of gatherings in an association; formal gatherings where individuals report to one administrator and assignment gatherings, which are incidentally framed with a point of achieving a specific errand after which they are broken up. Casual gatherings are shaped by representatives and are not business related; they incorporate kinship and enthusiasm groups.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Group elements paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In associations, individuals join bunches intentionally because of shared work rehearses, convictions, premiums, and information. Being an individual from a specific gathering impacts an individual’s work characteristics, conduct, and nature of work. In my association, a few sorts of gatherings exist; be th at as it may, it has been a piece of an office gathering, which comprises of the human asset staff, a capacity bunch involving an administrator and subordinates. The point of our departmental gathering is to cooperate towards meeting the hierarchical targets; hence, rules and guidelines have been set to deal with this gathering, and individuals are relied upon to submit to these standards and guidelines. The human asset division bunch contains the two sexes working in the office; the supervisor drives the gathering in accomplishing better by relegating explicit errands to both powerless and solid individuals, subsequently encouraging correspondence and collaboration. This division bunch contains 33% of the organization’s populace, as it does exclude individuals from different offices. Individuals in our gatherings are skillful, every one of whom have accomplished a degree course, which is a compulsory prerequisite in our association. In any case, the director guarantees that the members’ interests are considered just as the authoritative interests. Depict the phases of improvement your gathering encountered The periods of advancement in a gathering are significant for the development of a gathering, in this manner empowering a gathering to face and tackle emerging issues, discover the answers for these issues, and convey quality outcomes. Our specialty bunch experienced all the four phases of advancement; shaping, raging, framing and performing. Shaping was the principal phase of building a group, whereby, the intrigued colleagues from the division met up and took in the chances and difficulties confronting the association, concurring on the objectives to be achieved.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The administrator, who is the pioneer of this gathering, coordinated individuals on performing errands together, henceforth cultivating corresponde nce and collaboration among individuals. Through participation, individuals must be comfortable with each other, thus fellowships among colleagues created. The director likewise screens singular execution in this stage. The Storming stage included rivalry of group members’ various thoughts; colleagues were engaged with tackling issues, exhibiting how they can perform freely. All things considered, our gathering experienced clashes in this phase because of various contending thoughts from colleagues. Be that as it may, the supervisor underscored on resistance and persistence, which empowered our group to conquer this stage; in reality, the manager’s direction empowered colleagues to determine the developing contrasts, thus cultivating collaboration. The norming stage included conceding to the capacity of the group, consequently keeping individual intrigue aside and consented to move in the direction of the achievement of the association and the group. As indicated by ma king incredible associations (N.d, p2), this stage may end up being a disadvantage for individuals because of the dread of the obscure and unavoidable future. The performing stage included finding compelling approaches to accomplish superior with negligible oversight. The performing stage is the phase wherein our group works. With high persuaded and capable individuals, superior is obvious and quality choices on staffing, enlistment, and preparing, among different choices are made by colleagues without oversight. Our specialty bunch is changeless; consequently, the dismissing stage isn't appropriate. Break down the structure of your chose gathering and the impact that this structure has on the viability of the gathering According to Tuckman (1965, p.385), a gathering structure is identified with the example of relational relationship, which respects relational gathering practices. By and by, our human asset division bunch is a conventional gathering inside an enormous association. I t is well outfitted with equipped staff who handle employee’s issues seething from selecting, preparing, order and representative government assistance issues like Medicare among different jobs. This gathering is going by a director who is the pioneer and regulates the group’s exercises; it is a delicate office as secrecy of employees’ subtleties is strongly suggested. The bosses help this gathering by guaranteeing that they think about the proposed choices of colleagues, henceforth including the individuals in the dynamic procedure. With the help gave by the chief and bosses, the gathering is all around spurred, execution is high, and it works under negligible management. Remarkable exhibitions are compensated by the administration; thus boosting the employees’ spirit. Moreover, the fair kind of authority in this gathering makes dependability in colleagues. As per Hartley (2007, p.1), propelling colleagues empowers them to be faithful to the group, hence forth holding them and keeping up an upper hand over other groups.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Group elements paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Explain the elements of gathering conduct inside your chose bunch Being a piece of a gathering includes associating with other colleagues, who can impact the conduct of a person. Furthermore, the standards and mentalities of a gathering can impact an individual’s conduct. Gathering standards are significant in a gathering, as they depict the picture of a gathering. A gathering cohesiveness impacts on correspondence, members’ fulfillment, members’ execution, and the group’s readiness to change. Group elements additionally impact the response of a group and its conduct. In our group, kinships have been grown, subsequently cultivating correspondence, which helps participation and promise to the group. Subsequently, this gathering has the standard of imparting, encour aged by fellowships inside the group. The kind of authority utilized in a gathering decides the conduct of a gathering; the majority rule administration uncovered in this gathering has yielded spurred colleagues who are beneficial and faithful to the gathering, in this manner requiring insignificant oversight. Compelling critical thinking strategies empower the gathering individuals to tackle issues quick and successfully; to be sure, conceptualizing is basic in this gathering, henceforth creating numerous thoughts, which respect dynamic. Participative conduct is in this manner apparent in this office gathering, as all thoughts are placed into thought. The set standards in this gathering empower individuals to keep to certain conduct gauges. They incorporate execution standards that decide how quick individuals are required to function and prize distribution standards that decide how rewards will be offered to assemble individuals, which could apply to each member’s commitmen t. Along these lines, standards decide the group’s conduct, molding individuals into capable and responsible people. Investigate the impact that your chose bunch has had on you concerning the accompanying ideas: bunch polarization, congruity, and oblivious conformity According to Krizan Baron (2007, p.193), bunch polarization involves settling on outrageous choices when in a gathering, henceforth bringing individuals from a gathering towards a typical view. By and by, having a place with a gathering has affected my perspective on a few ideas. Gathering polarization can realize rivalry in commitment of thoughts with the end goal that, a few individuals will go to the extraordinary of misrepresenting their point in any event, when their point is outrageous, from there on putting the gathering at a hazard, as they accept the hazard will be shared. In any case, the preservationist individuals just settle on choice while putting the gathering intrigues first; they stay away from u nsafe choices that could influence the gathering. In this way, individuals ought to think about their choices before supporting them, particularly on the off chance that they are uncertain of the impacts of such choices. In our gathering, such cases have been clear; hurried choices that power the whole gathering to confront the outcomes have been made, which likewise influence the organization.Advertising Searching for exposition on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Congruity involves coordinating of perspectives, practices, and convictions to what an individual’s see is ordinary in the gathering. Notwithstanding, a few practices can be seen as either gainful or negative congruity, accordingly impacting arrangement of standards. By the by, so as to fit in a gathering, some adjustment in conduct and conviction might be required. Along these lines, similarity is related with bunch pressures, which result to change. Having been in a gathering, similarity is vital now and again, for example, if an individual has a loner character, he needs to change and become social so as to adapt to different individuals as far as correspondence and participation. Mindless conformity is a method of reasoning that happens when bunch individuals limit clashes by arriving at a successful choice; in any case, singular innovativeness and autonomous reasoning is lost due to over-dependence in oblivious conformity. My gathering anyway has rules concerning dynamic whereby, the gathering isn't permitted to settle on hurried choices that woul

Do You Wanna Build A Snowman

Do You Wanna Build A Snowman Sleeping at night has become one of those mythical concepts this IAP, like unicorns or people that don’t like Taylor Swift. What’s not to like? :( The backstory explaining this is relatively simple. A friend and I were taking the same Intro to Java class this IAP, and spent over 24 hours working on one of the problem sets, 15 (hours) of which happened consecutively (from 9pm on Thursday to Noon on Friday). Ever since then, I’ve had an inverted sleep pattern I’ve been too lazy to change. It’s nighttime when my eyes open, and the middle of the day when I go to bed. In either case, I always have my Taylor Swift playlist close by so I’m always happy. And IAP has come with a fair amount of work, but not nearly enough that I can’t sleep an arbitrary number of hours per day, which I can. Thankfully, MIT never sleeps. So while I was up last morning at seven a.m., making my way through the sixth season of Sons of Anarchy in the Destiny Kitchen Lounge, Kevin Morrow ’18â€"whose sleep pattern has also been invertedâ€"was up and about. Suddenly, he burst into the kitchen excitedly, saying something about snow. Now, I saw snow for the first time in November 2013. Those fluffy dandruff-like powdery demons were cute for the first three days, but quickly overstayed their welcome and threatened to drown me each time I stepped out of Random. So I doubted I could really be excited about snow. My heretic thoughts vanished the moment I stepped out of the kitchen and peered through one of Random Hall’s glass entrance doors, and into the winter wonderland beyond. The sidewalks and alleys were covered in snow, thick white snow that looked like they would be so much fun to crunch through in boots. The sky seemed gray and cloudless, and from every part of it, flurries of snow descended in non-original patterns that we’ve all seen before. Yet, there was something beautiful about the snow falling against the stark backdropâ€"plus snow had been lacking in the past few weeks, enough so that its presence this morning was more than appreciated. Then Kevin suggested that we go to Killian Courtâ€"which is an eight-minute walk from Randomâ€"and catch the sunrise. Plus apparently there would be so much snow there. Let’s see. Dorm, warm. Kitchen, toasty. With fridges. And food. Outside, gray. Cold. Beautiful, but beautiful in the way terrifying cyclones captured on a blank canvass might be beautifulâ€"the kind of beauty you can mope dreamily at, but would rather not step into, because why would you. But he seemed pretty excited, and I realized that I had never really done anything with snow beyond stare at it and flee from it. So twenty minutes later, Kevin and I were crunching our way down Mass Ave and toward Killian. And at this point, words fail to do justice to what happened. I had my first adventure with snow, and it was awesome. First, Kevin and I started out tamely. We just took pictures, the Dome protective behind us. Then Kevin collapsed on the snowy ground and began flapping his arms and legs. My first thought was that he was an alien creature about to take flight, and he was doing some masochistic snow-dance communication-thingy/self-procreation/photosynthesis ritual to call in the alien cannibals to feast on the cold, snowy, Taylor-Swift-loving skin that Iâ€" Oh. It’s a snow angel! Like in the movies! I’d only ever seen snow angels in the movies. I told him I’d never done one. He exclaimed incredulously. Told me to do one. And I did one. My first snow angel! Just dropped to the ground and swung my arms and legs in arcs. Fewer sights made me happier than the angel I printed on the snow. Sniff. Then I scooped up a thick clump of snow and flung them at Kevin, but they scattered into dozens of pieces before they struck him. Apparently, you had to crunch them into a hard-packed ball before flinging them. Which Kevin demonstrated. By flinging balls of snow at me :( And then he said those magic words: “Do you wanna… …build a snowman?” Yes! Yes! And so we set to work. He showed me how to create the baseâ€"start with a hard-packed ball of snow and roll that ball along the snowy ground until it was big enough. I was able to create the head and the middle. Then we hunted around for sticks for the arms, stones for the eyes and nose and buttons. At first, our snowman looked pretty evil, like he would strangle us given the chance. But by the time we were done, he looked pretty great. I’d built my first snowman. It looked so real. This only happened in the moviesâ€"this had ever only happened in the movies. I was overwhelmed and speechless and ecstatic. Kevin and I took pictures with our snowman. Despite popular belief, Olaf was admitted to MITKevin Morrow Then we had to start heading back to our dorm. I felt so sad to leave Olafâ€"yes we named him Olaf. But we had to. We returned to Random, cutting through a bunch of high school students preparing for a science olympiad. Kevin showed me an interesting path through MIT’s AeroAstro building that led us closer to our dorm. I couldn’t believe how much the morning had been full of laughs and relatively simple experiences that felt deeply and powerfully beautiful to me. Thanks Kevin, for this :D I think there’s a point in your life where you realize how well things are going, how happy you are, how lucky you feel. It’s that point where the things you once saw in the movies, once told yourself you’d never see beyond those movies, occupy the entirety of your morning. It was a really wonderful morning. We built a snowman. Threw balls of snow at each other. Talked about MIT. That’s more than I’d ever dreamed of two years ago. Everything feels great. Well, except for Olaf. I imagine he’s dead now. He’s either melted into eternal nothingness, or got kicked down by a bunch of bored kids. Oh well :( At least I was able to give him a goodbye hug.

Macbeth Ess - 1197 Words

ayMacbeth Essay 3. The power of the play is its relevance to today’s society. We are surrounded in everyday life by men and women who might as well have been characters in this play. The play of Macbeth has themes in it which can be associated with people who live in our world today. In Macbeth we see a king who abuses his power and uses it for the wrong reasons. He almost always get away with it. Despite the fact that there were people that were suspicious of Macbeth, he was never brought to justice with some of his deeds. In this play we also find out about the lengths that Macbeth went to, so he could become king and to also stay as king. The similarities between people in today’s society are that the lengths that they will go to,†¦show more content†¦However the abuse of power used by people today, as well as the abuse of power by Macbeth did not benefit the general community, neither did it benefit Macbeth at the end of his reign. This point also links to the point that people today as well as in Macbeth time only thing about their selves. The acts that they commit, whether it be with power or not really doesn’t benefit anyone. With power comes greed to. There are many people today in general who can fit that mould of Macbeth being greedy. Not only was he thane of Glamis and Cawdor, but he was also king of Scotland. Before Macbeth became King of Scotland he was The Thane of Cawdor and Glamis. In the general community today there are many of levels of greed which people have to make themselves happy, hence showing that they would fit for the role as Macbeth who was greedy. People today also seem to think about themselves. It can be recognized more obviously in people with power like it was with Macbeth. Some people live in their own selfish world. They only think about themselves for the most part. Even when they do things for other people it could be because it is out of habit or because they are pleasing themselves with whatever their vision is of themselves. This was also the same with Macbeth. He carried out his acts with only the thought of himself and where he would end up. He killed Banquo and attempted to kill his son so his reign as king wouldn’t end. He killed Duncan so heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Macbeth and the Gunpowder Plot of 16054662 Words   |  19 PagesMacbeth and the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 Shakespeare’s Macbeth was influenced by the gunpowder plot of 1605. The equivocation that was inspired by this event played an important role in the play. The general theme of Macbeth reflects the mood of society at the time that it was written. This relationship is a direct reflection of the mimetic theory. This paper will examine the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 and the role of equivocation in the subsequent prosecutions during the time that Shakespeare wasRead MoreThe Spiritual Dimension of Hamlet Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pageshis passage,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The soldiers music and the rites of war   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Speak loudly for him. (5.2)    Not all critics appreciate the spirituality in Hamlet. A.C. Bradley’s Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth presents a different and conflicting interpretation regarding the presence of spirituality within the play:    For although this or that dramatis persona may speak of gods or of God, of evil spirits or of Satan, of heaven and of hell, and althoughRead MoreEssay about Hidden Spirituality in Shakespeares Hamlet2169 Words   |  9 PagesHamlet. The purpose of this paper is to identify and elaborate on selected spiritual elements in the play. Not all critics appreciate the spirituality in Hamlet. A.C. Bradley’s Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth presents a different interpretation regarding the presence of spirituality within the play: For although this or that dramatis persona may speak of gods or of God, of evil spirits or of Satan, of heaven and of hell, and although the poet may showRead More Spirituality in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2389 Words   |  10 Pagesquestion underlying the narrative of the play – a moral question – indicates the spiritual nature of   Hamlet. Not all critics appreciate the spirituality in Hamlet. A.C. Bradley’s Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth presents a different interpretation regarding the presence of spirituality within the play:    For although this or that dramatis persona may speak of gods or of God, of evil spirits or of Satan, of heaven and of hell, and although the poetRead More Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2166 Words   |  9 PagesPublishers, 1999.    -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   - -, ed. â€Å"William Shakespeare.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1996.    Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Burton, Philip. â€Å"Hamlet.† The Sole Voice. New York: The Dial Press, 1970. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/burton-hamlet.htm    Chute, Marchette. â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet.† ReadingsRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlet and the Ghost Essay2495 Words   |  10 PagesW.W.Norton and Co., 1996.    Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Brown, John Russell. â€Å"Multiplicity of Meaning in the Last Moments of Hamlet .† Connotations 2.1 (1992): 16-33. http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Connotations/brown21.htm    Burton, Philip. â€Å"HamletRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - The Importance of the Ghost Essay2768 Words   |  12 Pages New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1996. Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991. Brown, John Russell. â€Å"Multiplicity of Meaning in the Last Moments of Hamlet .† Connotations 2.1 (1992): 16-33. http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Connotations/brown21.htm Burton, Philip. â€Å"Hamlet.† The SoleRead More The Pitiful Ghost in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2928 Words   |  12 PagesW.W.Norton and Co., 1996.    Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Brown, John Russell. â€Å"Multiplicity of Meaning in the Last Moments of Hamlet .† Connotations 2.1 (1992): 16-33. http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Connotations/brown21.htm    Burton, Philip. â€Å"HamletRead MoreEssay The Hamlet Ghost3184 Words   |  13 PagesW.W.Norton and Co., 1996.    Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Brown, John Russell. â€Å"Multiplicity of Meaning in the Last Moments of Hamlet .† Connotations 2.1 (1992): 16-33. http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Connotations/brown21.htm    Burton, Philip. â€Å"HamletRead More Hamlet, the Melancholy One Essay3212 Words   |  13 PagesPublishers, 1999.    -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   - -, ed. â€Å"William Shakespeare.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1996.    Bradley., A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Brown, John Russell. â€Å"Multiplicity of Meaning in the Last Moments of Hamlet .† Connotations 2.1 (1992): 16-33. http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Connotations/brown21.htm    Burton, Philip. â€Å"Hamlet

The Welfare Of The Child - 1515 Words

The local authority has the duty of care for the child and their decisions should also be taken into account. This could be linked to the UNCRC. The children s rights are valued and taken into consideration; the child has their own views and feelings. The welfare of the child should be put in the centre at all times. The articles I am referring to from the UNCRC are article 3- organizations should work towards what s best for the child for example a child that is in harm’s way should receive support or should be taken away for protection, depending on how much risk they are in. Article 12- children and young people have the right to say what they think should happen; this is relevant to a child going into foster care as they still have†¦show more content†¦This could be counselling to help with emotions and behavioural management to monitor behaviour. Social workers that can be of a support for them professionally and help them develop holistically. An Advocate could be a friend to the child that they could speak to whenever they want about their struggles and feelings, this could be of support for the child if they feel they can’t speak to anyone or if they find it hard to make friends/ build relationships. http://www.uncrcletsgetitright.co.uk/images/PDF/UNCRCRights.pdf, 14/09/15) It’s important that the child doesn’t get pushed aside during this transition and they are being valued. If the child has a physical disability they may find it hard enough to cope with the transition alone without being pushed aside and not having their needs met as individuals, providing facilities for the child and helping them around by holding their hand as they walk or pushing their wheelchair may be a relief for the child, adapting facilities may be of support for the child with physical disabilities such as a disability toilet. The child shouldn’t feel ashamed of their skin colour, ethnicity or religion, to overcome this the care setting could provide display boards with pictures of children from all over the world holding one and others hand to promote equality. The setting could also provide dolls of different coloured skin, this may also help the child feel more comfortable in their skin especially as they are going through a

Safety from the Inside Out Rethinking Traditional Approaches Free Essays

â€Å"Safety from the Inside Out: Rethinking Traditional Approaches† by Alfie Kohn aims to educate the public regarding the real threat of violence to children. While school shootings and other violent crimes that happen on school grounds gain a lot of media attention, it is far more likely for a child to become the victim of violence off school grounds (Kohn, 2004, 33). Further, children are more likely to suffer from violence at the hands of an adult rather than at the hands of their peers (Kohn, 2004, 33). We will write a custom essay sample on Safety from the Inside Out: Rethinking Traditional Approaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the issue of school violence is analyzed along with the mistaken assumptions of how to respond to school violence. The problem the article tries to address is how to create policy that will be both effective as well as reduce violent acts committed against children while on school grounds. There are several terms that must be defined in order to present a clear picture of the issue. The first is violence which by definition means attempting to or engaging in actions with the goal of inflicting bodily harm or death. This definition is important when discussing violence both in schools and off school grounds. Technical fixes is another definition that directly relates to this article. Technical fixes are technologically advanced pieces of equipment designed to reduce violence and include such things as metal detectors and video cameras. The final term to be defined is zero tolerance. Zero tolerance is the idea that any type of violence or intent to become violent be dealt with swiftly according to a designated set of strict consequences. In response to these definitions, the author of the article assumes that the vast majority of Americans equate violence against students as being violence that happens at school. The author also assumes that Americans believe that technical fixes and zero tolerance policies will solve the problem of violence against students (Kohl, 2004, 34). The orientation of the article strives to make sense of the misguided assumptions that Americans have with regards towards violence against students (Kohn, 2004, 34). It builds upon existing research that proves that teaching anti violence skills to students isn’t enough. The author proposes that students must also be taught how to apply these skills if violence prevention is going to be effective (Kohn, 2004, 35). Further, the author discusses behaviorism and the tendency for humans to preoccupy themselves with behavior rather than looking deeper at the values, reasons and motives behind certain behaviors (Kohn, 2004, 35). Finally, the author argues that when skill based prevention does not work then technical fixes are the answer to the problem (Kohn, 2004, 36). The research the author completed for this article disproves many of these assumptions. Using research as his method, Kohn discovered several discrepancies between what Americans believe and what students actually report about violence. For example, Kohn’s research shows that zero tolerance policies have the opposite of their intended effect. Instead of making students feel safer, zero tolerance policies actually make them feel less safe (Kohn, 2004, 36). Additionally, zero tolerance policies don’t make schools any safer than they were before (Kohn, 2004, 36). As part of his research, Kohn suggests that the threats of zero tolerance policies can be replaced with safe school environment where students are taught to trust and protect one another (Kohn, 2004, 36). Kohn also discovered that teaching students anti violence skills is not as effective as creating schools that are committed to the value of peace so that the physical safety of students is protected (Kohn, 2004, 36). The solution to the article seems to be getting rid of zero tolerance policies that turn children into criminals and replacing them with policies that promote peace and trust among students (Kohn, 2004, 36). According to the author, the consequence of not doing so will ensure that school violence remains a problem. Personally speaking, I think Alfie Kohn has noble goals and ideas to keep children safe at school. However, creating peaceable schools is very difficult because it seems impossible to instill peace values into every single student. The reality is that there will always be a few students who do not care about peace and would rather cause trouble through violence. At the same time, Kohn raises some important questions that I think should be addressed and considered as schools continue to search for a solution to the problem of school violence. How to cite Safety from the Inside Out: Rethinking Traditional Approaches, Papers

most difficult aspects of learning English Essay Example For Students

most difficult aspects of learning English Essay most difficult aspects of learning English BY dostk90 Most difficult aspects of learning a new language I studied English language at school and in university, but when I started to work in Russian-American it-company I met several difficulties with my English. I understood that my English wasnt perfect and I need study more to build my career because in this company and generally you have to speak English most of the your work time. I decided to study English more seriously, but I met some difficult aspects of learning English like grammar part and reading part. First difficult aspect of learning English is grammar. In every language in the world grammar have some special things. But if you know well grammar part youre speaking and writing will be correct and people will correctly understand you. For example, grammar help to people build sentences, how to ask questions, how correctly use verbs in different times, nouns. However, I met another difficult part of learning English like reading part. Next part is reading. For example, Just imagine that you get new documentation for thirty pages in English about new software in your Job and you have to read and understand technical issues in the very short time. In this time you have to use your reading skills like scanning and skimming. This is skills will help you to understand what about topic without reading and translating every word. Thats why when you are learning new language reading skills are necessary. In conclusion, I think that those parts are the hardest because they involve the most difficult aspects of learning a new language: grammar and reading and it take a lot of time to master them.

Black Boy Essay Research Paper won best free essay sample

Black Boy Essay, Research Paper ( won best essay in school ) Childhood is a clip of cheery yearss. Sweet breezes blow friendly cloud forms across the deep blue sky. The yearss are never-ending-joy? a black canvas to paint with beautiful memories # 8211 ; unless your childhood was Richard Wright? s. His young person was a cold bleak being, carved with hatred and overlaid with hungriness. There seemed to be small hope for one Born to such a batch. For it was non to the caring bosom of his household that Richard could turn. And the difficult, hardhearted eyes of the universe were turned off from him. It was a great effort that could fight through life? s conflicts with his scruples unscathed. It was his experience that provided the colour which enhanced the study of his personality he was given at birth. Richard? s household despaired of him. They believed him to merely be on the broad way go snake pit as was grounds by the household confrontations Richard invariably found himself in. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Boy Essay Research Paper won best or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was the clip Aunt Addie punished an guiltless Richard in school, and the battle raged on even once they were place. After drawing a knife on her and being thrown to the floor, ageless hatred was born between the two relations. He believed him to be diabolic and would hold nil to make with him while Richard regarded her with stainless hostility. He besides fought with Uncle Tom. Richard pulled razor blades on Uncle because he was gong to be beaten for an unknown ground. This event constructed an impenetrable wall between the two that was neer to come down. It was here Richard learned non to swear. For who would offer kindness towards him if household members did non. And eventually, Richard fought with Granny over working on the Sabbath. She did non understand what he needed, reasoned Richard. That male child is a hopeless instance, felt Granny. They wholly misunderstood one another, and each one? s pride was excessively great to make anything about the damaged relationship. So between Aunt Addie, Uncle Tom, and Granny, Richard existed in a topographic point of difficult and in indifferent stares which would do him to seek for brighter colourss elsewhere. He foremost turned to the streets. He found no consolation at that place but instead a maliciousness between races that surpassed the ill will at place. He saw this when he was he was bitten by the brickfield proprietor? s Canis familiaris. The adult male cared nil for Richard and didn? T attention if he lived or died because Al cubic decimeter inkinesss were trash in the white adult male? s eyes. The inkinesss returned this sentiment, sing him as atrocious slave maestro. Then Richard felt racial force once more when several white work forces smashed an empty whisky bottle on his brow because Richard forgot to state? Sir? . These work forces where no better than Richard ( they were likely worse ) and yet they felt they had the right to do bodily hurt. Richard squared off against racial hatred one time more at the optical company when Pease and Reynolds threatened to kill him if he didn? T leave, for seemingly ground other than they felt he was excessively smart for his ain good. They were cowards who picked on inkinesss as bully does on one smaller than him. They were prepared to kill Richard for something every bit otiose as pretermiting to precede the word? Please? with the word? Mister? . Richard left the optical company as shortly realized he had to go forth the South. Before he could head North, though, there was a job with money. It would non be wrong to state that some inkinesss in the South compromised some of the values for dollar measures. Richard did excessively, but non without an highly guilty scruples that weighed him down for many months. He started bootlegging to white cocottes foe excess hard currency. It was the first act of offense. He committed it out of despair, but one thing led to another, and this was merely the beginning.. the Grand Movie House Scam was where he earned the most money and the nervous tummy. He feared a life in the South More. It was incorrect, he knew, but it was indispensable, he thought. Finally, Richard completed his life of offense by stealing his neighbour? s gun and selling it at a pawn store and by taking big tins of fruit conserves to sell to eating houses. These were minor offenses but however provided hard to execute. They were the last few pess of a really long trail and seemed to be deserving it, or were they? It took Richard many months to retrieve from the hurting he learned accompanies offense, which the reader that someplace in life, Richard acquired a scruples that could separate between right and incorrect. So possibly it was familial, or possibly it came from the books he read, but more likely it was his experiences that provided that attractively varied used to determine Richard? s personality. And someway, though these events, Richard Wright created a chef-doeuvre we gaze in admiration at today.

British Airways, an Airline Case Study

British Airways, an Airline Case Study Free Online Research Papers The British Airways is considered to be the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom based at Waterside close to its major hub, the London Heathrow Airport. The BA is considered to be the largest airline in the UK on basis of fleet size, flights and destinations. BA was formed in the Year 1974 by combining two large London based airlines, the BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) and BEA (British European Airways Corporation), and two other small regional airlines. 13 years later the company was privatized and the company acquired other airlines to combine the growing fleet. Case Objectives To give a broad overview of the airline industry. To understand how a loss making unit can be turned around. To appreciate the importance of efficient operations in the airline industry. To gain insights into how a service company can build its brand. To understand the issues involved in the globalization of an airline, in particular government regulations. To understand how airlines use strategic alliances to expand their network. To appreciate the importance of people in the service industry. Strengths Brand name, British Airways is well known worldwide as one of the 7 leading airlines that fly across the six inhabited continents and providing for more than 160 destinations Partnerships and Alliances, BA is a partner with major airlines in the world, and it also acquired Iberian airline and now dominate most of the regions and have the second best revenues after delta and American airlines Fleet size and destinations, the British Airways covers most of the globe giving options for short and long distance flights for their customers with a large pool of connecting flights and more than three hubs to choose from. Long service History, BA comes back to the early 1990s from various airlines that served in the United Kingdom, which were merged all together under the British flag. Weaknesses Not quality approved airline, the BA although with its reputation lacks the fundamentals of qualities that other airlines serve, maybe the reason for that is that BA is still maintaining the old standards they have without improving them to handle the needs of the traveler of today. Poor baggage delivery, this could be due to the un integrated systems of baggage handling that the BA follows where many complains about lost baggage have been filed with regards to passengers flying BA. Aging fleet, many of the aircrafts operated by BA are rather old, some of them go all the way back to the 1980s of the last centuries which is not economic in operations. Lack of innovation and change, many airlines have emerged who provide far more better services in terms of value for money and travelers comfort, while as we see with BA change only occurs once a decade at the most. Opportunities Competitors market exit, due to the recent terrorist attacks around the world many airlines are withdrawing from the markets, and the global crisis have affected them greatly where only the strong ones were able to survive. Emerging of new markets, the growing of the population around the world, and the opening of the Trans Atlantic routs have helped the airline to succeed in targeting new customers around the world. High demand for flights, there is an increased demand for air travel which is never met, especially for well reputated airlines that care for the safety of its operations. Treats Competition, everyday new airlines emerge, and the need for more cheaper tickets due to the global crises have risen too, therefore many airlines who provide economic airfare are pulling out the customers from other airlines, in the year 2008, easy jet took the leading customer pool from BA due to the cheap flights they offer. Environmental Awareness, the old fleet that BA operates on is way obsolete in terms of the environment, therefore customers who prefer to go green usually opt for airlines that respect the environment more Global Economic Crisis, the crisis have affected everyone in the world, BA had to let go of thousands of their employees to reduce the operating costs, plus that, customers are seeking cheaper flights to meet their needs during such crisis. Recommendations British Airways has to step into the 21st Century by updating everything in the system, starting with upgrading their fleet and buying newer aircrafts to meet the economic and environmental demands of the customers, and becoming more cost efficient in order to reduce the airfare prices. The Services should be improved to reach the levels of other airlines which are competing in terms of providing the most luxurious and comfortable cabins for the travelers. Becoming more economic is the key requirement in this century because the need for air travel is constant and increasing, while the customers are looking for the cheapest offers around but with maintaining the safety as well. As for the opportunities, I think that BA should better use its well known name and flag and produce better services that attract the growing customers’ pool, as there is an increase in the demand for air travel with markets widening, and customers opting for easy means of travel in safe, economic and environmentally friendly means. In order to overcome the BA weaknesses, a strategy has to be made, where the fleet has to be upgraded fully to meet all the requirements that passengers usually opt for, cheaper flights, faster, and environmentally safe. BA has to work more on its ground staff, where baggage handling should be monitored more closely to find solutions for the baggage complaints. BA should also follow the latest airline updates in means of services and cabins, where there should be an improvement where the traveler can sense that their favorite airline is being up to date and making sure that the needs of the modern traveler are met. References wikipedia. (2009). Wikipedia. In British Airways. Retrieved December11,2009 , from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways. British Airways. (2009). British Airways. In BA. Retrieved December9,2009, from www.ba.com. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() thinkingmanagers.com/management/strengths-weaknesses.php euran.com/BC/artBritishAirways.htm speedyadverts.com/SATopics/html/leadership_in_tourism4.html http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-answers-a-20071116212400AAtayRW-k-strengths+and+weaknesses American airlines but might help in ideas http://university-essays.tripod.com/swot_tows_analysis.html imp authorstream.com/presentation/The_Rock-59257-airlines-Global-Presentation-Agenda-Airline-Industry-Overview-as-Travel-Places-Nature-ppt-powerpoint/ imp scribd.com/doc/23329171/British-Airways-Strategic-Plan imp Research Papers on British Airways, an Airline Case StudyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export Quotas

Higher Education in England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Higher Education in England - Research Paper Example Reports from the Guardian point to the fact that the government's failure to extend access to higher education caused higher drop out rates and lower number of students who attend university (Smith a), 2006). Current statistics on from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) caused disappointment among government leaders and ministers who advocate for the yearly rise on the population of students apply to universities (Smith a) 2006). Considering the funds that the government has disbursed in order to widen the access of individuals from all walks of life to enable them to gain entry to higher education institutions, many have expected that the results of these efforts can put a halt to the declining trend. The government is spending about 300 million pounds in order to attract and increase the rates of individuals who attend higher education institution to 50 percent until 2010 (Smith a) 2006).  The National Union of students has affirmed that the current figures on the tuit ion fees which continue to increase during the previous decades have a huge impact on the number of applications to the higher education system. The union national president, Gemma Tumelty said that the current figures and the declining number of applications to colleges and universities in England have 'real effect' on the choices of students which in turn thwart and discourage other prospective students to pursue their goals of achieving university degrees. The decrease stood lower in England at 4 percent - lower than in the rest of the country (Smith b) 2006) as the top-fees have not been put into effect in England yet. Clearly, what hinders many prospective students from entering higher education in England was brought about by the rising fees imposed even on poor students and the marginalized sector of the society. The impact of the 3,000 increase in tuition, which will be put into effect in September, poses worries among university officials already nervous about the declining student population. This only means that universities and colleges across England will have to apply extra efforts to promote higher education to prospective students and individuals who are from poor families and are already apprehensive about their escalating debt (Smith a) 2006). HESA figures strengthen this view as it contends those students from the disadvantaged families and who come from the lower rung of the social ladder.

Reflective learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective learning - Essay Example I also made them believe that raising funds is not really hard as many of my peers thought. I made them understand that there are a lot of ways to raise funds we just have to be creative and exert a little effort to raise it. I introduce the idea of a garage sale with a party. The items that will be on sale will be the things that our neighbours are ready to dispose. To make the story short, we were able to exceed our objective to raise fund for our project while having fun at the same time. The other experience I had about leading a group was during a school project where I was assigned as a project leader. I was hesitant at first because I was anxious that I might end up doing the whole project myself if my team members will not work and cooperate. It was not as hard as I thought if one will just know how to push â€Å"the right button† or motivate the group members to work. Before these projects were realized, the process and dynamics of getting it done was quite tough. It was an interplay of leadership, organizational skill, team work and resolving personal issue among the members in the group. But the main component is leadership on how to direct the energy of the team to commit and realize our objective (Kayser and Melcher 2007). It was not easy asking people of my age to do certain things that it made me think how to go about it and in the process learned several things about myself. I learned that in getting people commit to do certain things, I have to get along with them very well especially if it is a volunteer work just like our community project or a school work where one cannot direct others because everybody is in equal footing (we are all students). I learned that I do pretty well in this department that it is almost effortless on my part. But I have to admit that there are things about me that is un-leader like that I have to change such as my tendency to procrastinate. I observed that when I procrastinate, my team members also did the s ame. There are also certain things about my behaviour that I did not realize to be a leadership trait. Knowing that my team members in our community project are not being paid to do it, I invoked their higher sense of achieving and contributing good when I told them that what we are doing is for the community and that we will become an invariable part of it because we worked hard for a project dedicated to our community. This is actually a trait of transformational leadership (Judge and Piccolo 2004). My good interpersonal skill also enabled me to effectively address an issue with our group. The person I assigned to go door to door in one of our streets suddenly did not show up. I was worried. But instead of passing judgment at him to be lazy and non-committal, I inquired what happened. I learned that my team member had a medical emergency at home because a sister has to be rushed to the hospital. When the issue was already done, my team member was very motivated to go door to door to collect things for our garage sale and this would not have been possible had I judged him earlier. On areas that I need to improve my behaviour about leadership, I believe it would be my organizational and administrative skills. I have to admit that I am disorganized as a leader. I realized this during the garage sale itself because I had hard time putting up the event. The event could have been better with more attendees and more funds could have been raised if I had a better

Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine

Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine â€Å"Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine. Its role is to mitigate some of the harshness of the doctrine of consideration by protecting those who reasonably rely on promises. Its full potential can only be reached if the court permits its use not merely as a shield, but as a sword, where appropriate. The decision of the Court of Appeal in Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks and Spencer plc [2001] therefore represents a missed opportunity to clarify and modernise the law. Promissory estoppel is an important tool in equity to create fairness within contract law. It deals specifically with consideration, which as a doctrine holds the parties that have entered into a contract to which they both intend to be bound. Therefore the parties must have the capacity to be bound to the contract; as well as the intention to be bound by the contract. There must be a value to amount to consideration, which does not necessarily have to be monetary[1]. Consideration can be a right, interest, service, benefit to one party and sufficient detriment to the other party. [2] Consideration does not have to be equal on both sides; one party may only leave a nominal amount of consideration[3] As long as there is sufficient intention and the terms are not vague then the law will not get involved in business dealings; therefore the courts will infer intention[4]; as long as the consideration for that particular business dealing illustrates that there is sufficient consideration. [5] Insufficient consideration is any act where the duty is already imposed by law or a valid contractual duty. However, there are exceptions to the rules, because consideration at times can be deemed as far too harsh. The case of Williams v Roffey Bros[6] held that consideration could be inferred in a pre-existing contractual duty if there was further consideration that could be inferred. For example this case recognized that the contractor would be subject to a significant late charge, if he did not re-negotiate his contract with the subcontractor to finish on time. Therefore the renegotiation of the pre-existing duty saved the contractor a loss of money, which the courts held as sufficient consideration. However, in the case of paying a partial debt there can never be consideration. The rule in Pinnel’s Case[7] was confirmed in the case of Foakes v Beer[8] where it was held that part payment of a debt could be held as consideration because there was an existing contractual duty. The rule in Pinnel’s Case is that promissory estoppel is an invalid action when it comes to the part payment of debt, unless it is paid in full and benefits both parties. The reasoning behind this is that p art payment of debt is inequitable because the person who is supposed to benefit from the consideration is put at a detriment and therefore defeats on of the central tenants of consideration, which one party is at a sufficient benefit whilst the other party is at a sufficient detriment. There are circumstances where promissory estoppel is possible in regards to a reduced payment of a price or fee. The case of Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd[9] is such a case, because the political and social environment was drastically changed. The two parties where a property owner and a business tenant, who then leased the property as flats to other individuals residentially. An agreed business tenancy price came into question during WWII, because of the bombings in London the situation made it impossible for the renter to pay the whole rent due to the bombing and lack of tenants. Here equity stepped and promissory estoppel was used, because it would be unfair to make the rent er pay the whole rental amount due to the circumstances. In addition the agreement by the property owner to accept less due to the WWII inferred intention, because otherwise the landlord would receive no rent because the renter would have vacated the premises; and no other businesses would have taken up the tenancy during the war. This is a very specific scenario, where WWII could have amounted to frustration of the contract, because the war would have made it impossible for the renter to satisfy the contract and an act of war is outside his ambit of control. After the High Trees case the courts extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in the case partial full partial payment of a debt; however if it were revealed that the re-negotiation was due was an action of duress that forced the creditor to agree to the new credit agreement then equity could not step in with the doctrine of promissory estoppel. One such case that illustrates that equity will only aid those with clean hands is the case of D C Builders v Rees[10] where Rees discerned that the building company was in financial distress and tried to use this to her advantage by offering a smaller payment in full or nothing. This amounted to duress, because the knowledge that Rees had of the problems that D C Builders were facing was used as a sword against a fair and equitable outcome. The key factor that surrounds the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel is that it originates out of equity and aims to create a just outcome, as in the High Trees Case. In the case of D C Builders the use of Promissory Estoppel was for unjust purposes and equity could not aid Rees, because an injustice would occur. High Trees is the case that the modern doctrine of Promissory Estoppel has developed from; however it was the Hughes Case that the doctrine originated from, where a landlord’s actions gave the tenant contrary belief in the events surrounding a notice to repair. Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd[11] case allows for suspension of payment to be reverted back to active payment as long as reasonable notice is given. This also means with the reasonable notice that the creditor can also receive compensation for the suspended payments; therefore ensuring that there is not a case of part payment of debt, because the interest can keep running. The only exception to this is an agreement of an early settlement, with a lump sum that is considered reasonable by both parties. The Tool Metal Case and the Hughes Case point to the doctrine of promissory estoppel being a shield and not a sword of equitable justice, because it believes that consideration plays an essential part of contract law. To eradicate the harshness of consideration may allow individual like Rees in the D C Builders Case to use Promissory Estoppel for unfair and unjust purposes. However, the High Trees Case that is the key case for the modern doctrine of Promissory Estoppel seems to be pointing in a different direction, i.e. that the doctrine is a sword against the harshness of consideration. In this case WWII made it impossible for the original contract to be kept to, hence the parties re-negotiated during this period. The case of Coombe v Coombe[12] argued that the doctrine in High Trees could not be identified as a sword against the doctrine of consideration; rather it can only be used as a defense to an action and in the interests of justice. The cases of Re Wyven Developments[13] an d Evenden v Guildford City AFC[14] argued that Coombe v Coombe was incorrect and that the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel could be used as a sword; as well as a shield if justice and equity dictated. The Coombe approach makes sense by ensuring that the rules surrounding contract law are upheld and ensuring that certainty in contracts remain; otherwise there would be a mass confusion where courts could get too involved in business contracts. English law is based on a laissez faire system, where business dealings should be free from the ministrations of parliament and the courts; as long as just and both parties were capable to enter the contract. As Mitchell argues, parties enter a contract with specific expectations and to turn these upside down would be a breach a fundamental principle of contract law: While we could dismiss this as assimilating reasonable expectation with contractual rights, and therefore making the appeal to reasonable expectation redundant, it is clear that many appeals to reasonable expectation rely upon an institutional or contract law-based source for such expectations. Reiter and Swan, for example, write that '[t]he assumption is that the fundamental purpose of contract law is the protection and promotion of expectations reasonably created by contract'. If 'contract' here is taken in a legal, rather than a social sense, then the utility of reasonable expectations as a counter-contractual reference point is in danger of disappearing.[15] Therefore in the light of the essential principles of contract law and the doctrine of consideration the decision of Baird v MS[16] would have been the correct decision, otherwise there would be a free for all for parties to argue that the contract is unjust and flagrant actions of Promissory Estoppel would occur. However, Promissory Estoppel would still remain as a defense in cases where the situation dictated that there would be an unjust outcome if the contract was upheld in its present form. The case of Baird v M S, Baird used Promissory Estoppel as an action to enforce what Baird classed as an unwritten contract. In other words Baird was arguing that the long term relationship between the two created a reasonable expectation that there was an ongoing business relationship, which could only be altered or terminated with reasonable notice; as per the Tool Metal Case. The Court of Appeal however decided against this approach, because the reason that M S did not enter a written co ntractual agreement was for flexibility and the option of changing suppliers if market forces dictated this route. Also the Court of Appeal stated that the lack of a (legal) contract was determinative for the court. The estoppel claim was also thought likely to fail, since estoppel cannot be used to create a cause of action. It was remarked that, despite the close relationship between the parties, 'businessmen must be taken to be aware that, without specific contractual protection, their business may suffer in consequence.[17] However, this argument seems to be very one-sided, because as with the High Trees Case the situation in Baird v M S does indicate that there was intention to create some form of business and contractual relationship that benefited both parties. In fact the long history of Baird supplying the goods could be inferred as terms and conditions of the contract; however the lack of a written contract seems to be an excuse for the Court of Appeal to open up Prom issory Estoppel as an action; as opposed to just a defense. Therefore, as Mitchell argues the decision in Baird v M S could be taken either way because both sides were arguing certainty of contracts and reasonable expectation; however the determining factor not to find a contract was because of public policy reasons NOT to make Promissory Estoppel a cause of action (a Sword) and open the floodgates to further actions: One can see how a 'reasonable expectations' argument can be used to support Baird or M S, but each relies on a different basis for the reasonable expectation. Baird will have non-contractual reasonable expectations concerning the parties' mutual obligations, based upon their experience of the previous thirty years. M S, on the other hand, have reasonable expectations based on their strict legal rights, and supported in the judgement, that there is no contract and hence the relationship can be terminated at will-an institutional interpretation of reasonable expectation†¦ This result does not support the attempt to make contract law more sensitive to the social dimension of agreement-making, but undermines it by privileging the legal framework in the resolution of the dispute.[18] Bibliography: J. Beatson (2002) Anson’s Law of Contract 28th Edition, Oxford University Press Hooley (1991) Consideration and Existing Duty JBL 19-35 David Kelly, Ann Holmes Ruth Hayward (2002) Business Law 4th Edition, Cavendish Ewan McIntyre, (2004) Business Law, Longman McKendrick, 2005, Contract law, text, cases and materials, second edition, Oxford University Press Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 Stallworthy (1994) Case Comment: Variation of Contracts, ICCR 5(7) Chris Turner (2004) Unlocking Contract Law, Hodder Arnold Footnotes [1] Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 15 [2] Combe v Combe (1951) 2 KB 215 [3] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1960) AC 87; Mountford v Scott (1975) [4] White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [5] Collins v Godefroy (1831) 109 ER 1040 [6] [1991] 1 QB 1 [7] (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a [8] (1884) 9 App Cas 605 [9] [1947] KB 130 [10] [1966] 2 KB 617 [11] [1955] 1 WLR 761 [12] [1951] 2 KB 215 [13] [1974] 1 WLR 1097 [14] [1975] QB 917 [15] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 [16] [2001] unreported [17] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 [18] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639

Drama Coursework †Response Phase Essay

As part of our drama course we are studying the play â€Å"blood brothers† by Willy Russell. Blood Brothers is about twins who were separated at birth because their mother could not afford to keep both. As they grow up they meet, become friends and eventually blood brothers. However they both fall in love with the same girl and this conflict ultimately leads to their tragic deaths. First we read the play blood brothers as a class, then our teacher, Mrs O— asked us to choose and then act out three or four scenes which we, as a group thought were most important. In my group were S—, G— and N—. The first scene we chose was when Mr Lyons asks Mrs Johnston to give away one of her babies, we thought this was a crucial moment in the play because in this scene we see how the brothers first got separated. We also see the differences between the middle and the working class people, which was important as it is a main theme in the play. I was playing Mrs Lyons and N— was playing Mrs Johnston. We started our performance with a freeze frame; our freeze frame was useful as it showed the audience what scene we are going to perform. Nicola, playing Mrs Johnston was looking down holding her stomach as if she was pregnant. I was standing on her side holding a bible pushing it towards her. We wanted to show the part where Mrs Lyons was asking Mrs Johnson to make a binding agreement, we used facial expressions to show which characters we were trying to portray. As I was Mrs Lyons, I stood with a smug arrogant look to show that I was the wealthy one, while N— was looking sad, worried and a little scared. Our role-play started with Mrs Johnston working and Mrs Lyons coming in to see how she was doing. As Mrs Lyons I spoke with a posh accent boasting about how big my house is and looking down at N—-. We used thought tracking to get inside the characters mind and see what they are really thinking. When N—- was telling me about how she can stop getting pregnant and I can’t have any babies thought tracking was useful as I got to show the audience how I was actually jealous and thought that the babies would be better off with me. We also used it to show that N— did not like Mrs Johnston showing off and thinking she was better then her. After the visit to the doctors, N—- acted like she was nervous and panicking that the welfare will come and take her children away and worried about how she would cope with two more babies. At this point I used thought tracking to hint to the audience that I was thinking about asking for a baby. When I did ask for a baby I started to act more mean and scary grabbing hold of N—- and begging her to give me a child to show how desperate Mrs Lyons was to have a baby. N—- used thought tracking to show the audience that she was thinking about agreeing to give me a baby and also to show that she was a little scared of me. I was shouting at her doing all I could to make her agree and getting a bible and forcing her to make a binding agreement. We also used hot seating in our performance; this helped the audience to get to know more about the characters. Our teacher, Mrs O— first asked us questions and we had to answer staying in character. The audience got to know about how N—-‘s husband left her and how she has to look after all the kids by herself. We also used it to show that she was considering giving a child a baby to Mrs Lyons, as she could not afford to have any more kids. The hot seating helped me show how Mrs Lyons’ evil side and how she did not care if it was wrong all she wanted was a child and she does not care how she gets it. For our second scene we choose the part when the brothers meet for the first time. This we thought was another key scene as it shows how they meet and become blood brothers, not knowing that they were actually real bothers. G— was playing Edward and S— was playing Mickey. In this scene we see how better off the rich one, Edward is that Mrs Lyons is looking after him. The freeze frame for this scene was when the two boys were crossing fingers and Mrs Lyons in the background. We made it clear what scene they were going to perform was when they first meet because it was the part when they became blood brothers. They were both smiling and happy to have made a new friend while Mrs Lyons stood in the background with her arms crossed looking angrily at the two of them. We added a bit of comedy to this part because they are seven year olds and we wanted to show that. Shikira was sitting on her own making funny gun noises looking very scruffy and G—- walks in acting very posh. When S— taught him swear words he was shocked and amazed at all the â€Å"smashing† things that S— says. We used thought tracking to show how G— had never meet a boy like him but actually liked him. The hot seating gave the audience a chance to see that G—- has not got a lot of friends as they all bully him but not S—-. They audience also got to see that S—- never meet a posh boy like him but they became friends. In the second group were K—, M—, M— and B—-. The first scene they done was when Mrs Johnston gives one of her babies away to Mrs Lyons. K—- was playing Mrs Johnston and M— was playing Mrs Lyons. Their freeze frame was of K—- down on her knees scrubbing the floor and M—- crossing her arms looking down at her. It was obvious what scene they were going to do and what characters they were playing by using body positions and facial expressions. M—- looking arrogant and like a snob and showing how she thinks she is above K—– just because she is richer. Their performance was very well organised and they all knew what they were doing. M—- was very good at acting arrogant and as K—– cleans she was looking down at her and used good thought tracking to show how she felt. K—– did well as Mrs Johnston acting like she is happy to work for her but suing thought tracking show that she secretly did not like Mrs Lyons and that created tension between the two of them. I thought that they lacked thought tracking as the play went on and could have added more towards the end of their performance. Their use of hot seating was good; although I thought when they answered they could have gone into more detail and let the audience find out more about their characters. From the hot seating we learnt that M—– does not think its wrong to take K—-‘s baby and that K—- has no money to look after any more children. I thought that M—– could have improved her performance by added more thought tracking and speaking louder but I thought she did well at showing she was Mrs Lyons by the way that she spoke and her attitude towards K—–. K—– acted confidently, and used good thought tracking to show what she was thinking at the start of the play. She would have improved her performance by adding more detail to her answers in the hot seating and more thought tracking at the end of their performance. In the third group were G—-, T—–, S—- and T——. One of the scenes they acted out was the last scene; this is an important scene in the play because it was when Mickey finds out about Linda’s affair with Edward. Mrs Johnston’s secret deal with Mrs Lyons is also reviled and both brothers end up dead. T—– played Mickey, C—— was Edward and Grace played Mrs Johnston. Their freeze frame was off the end of the play when Mickey and Edward were dead. T—– and C—- were lying down on the floor dead and G—- was standing over them. They did well to show the tragic ending of the play and g—— used good facial expressions to show that she was shocked and upset at what had just happened. She stood with her head slight down and looked like she was crying out in disbelief. They stared with Mickey who was played by T—— going crazy wandering around the stage looking for the pills. She used thought tracking to tell the audience what she was looking for and how she angry she felt that she did not have them. When she found out about Linda and Edward’s affair she acted good and confidently showing how angry and frustrated she was. She used thought tracking telling the audience how she was thinking out killing him when she went to get the gun before storming out to find Edward. C—– playing Edward was doing his job making a speech acting normal when suddenly T—— barges in pointing a gun in his face. The use of hot seating at this moment let the audience know how scared Edward was and how T——- was not thinking straight and how she was just angry. I thought that this group also could have spoken in more detail to explain to the audience how they feel. At this moment G—— runs in trying to stop T——. She used thought tracking to say how she was thinking of telling them the truth. G—– trying to stop Mickey shouts out to not to kill Edward because they are brothers. But this just makes T—- even more angry thinking that he could have ended up like C———- with a good job and a great life. G—- in a final attempt to stop Mickey pushes his hand but the gun shoot and kills Edward. The police then shoot T—— and she falls to the floor, leaving G—– in crying in shock. I thought that in this part they could have been more organised and put more thought tracking in but all in all they had a great performance.

Death of a Salesman Essay

Discuss the role and importance of the first â€Å"flashback† scene in Death of a Salesman. This scene is the first in the play which gives us any real insight into the past of Willy, the protagonist of the play. Its purpose is to show the audience of some of where Willy went wrong; we see some of his mistakes through his memories of his own past. We see the way that he treated his sons, and how this relates to what they are like now; we witness the difference between what the impression of himself he gives and the failure he really feels; we discover his affair with the woman, why he had it, and the terrible guilt that overhangs him because of it. This then explains some of the tension and unhappiness that we have seen so far in the play. This, though, only takes us so far; we do not learn the full story, of why he and his son do not now share the bond we see in the flashback scene, and of why he becomes so depressed. He does not want to see the truth – he is not ready to realise where he went wrong. The scene gets more and more dramatic as it gets on. At first, it shows us an idyllic, happy time; Willy is apparently a fantastic success, who is idolized by two loving sons. The eldest son, Biff, is popular with the others at school and with girls, a great sportsman, and generally â€Å"well liked†. They all live in a beautiful house, surrounded by fields. But we then find about Biff stealing and then his poor academic achievement, that Willy lies about how successful he really is, and finally the affair with the woman before the whole thing spirals out of control and turns into some kind of terrible nightmare. We move into Willy’s memories using a number of stage effects – the lights brighten, we hear soft music, possibly flute music, and the background turns from the harsh orange of the brick apartments to the cool green fields of the countryside. This has a calming, nostalgic sense on the audience, who are therefore encouraged to share Willy’s feelings at the start of the flashbacks; we feel that we are entering a happier, more pleasant past. When he talks about himself to his sons, he presents himself as a great success; he uses lots of boxing language, such as â€Å"knocked ’em cold† and â€Å"slaughtered them†. He knows that his sons praise athletic ability, and so likens himself as a boxer, and a winner. Phrases like â€Å"open sesame† suggest that success in his glamorous job comes easily to him; he is a person who takes coffee with the Mayor of Providence, who deals with â€Å"the finest people†. But Willy, although he does not realise it, does a lot of harm to his sons through the lessons that he teaches them. In congratulating his son on taking the ball from school, he teaches them that, so long as you are â€Å"well liked†, you do not need to obey the rules, that popularity is more important than honesty and integrity. He also teaches them that the key to success is not in schoolwork, but in being popular, and in turn, the key to being popular is through good looks and sporting skill. He tells them that Bernard will not go far, because, although he is good academically, he is not well liked, but Biff, being as popular as he is, will become a success. Bernard is â€Å"anaemic† and a â€Å"pest†, whilst he is clearly proud of his own son, Biff. This, of course, is unrealistic – Bernard’s hard working attitude is more likely to render him a success than Biff’s sport aptitude and looks, and we see this in the play. In the next episode, with Linda, what he tells her contrasts greatly with the story he told his two sons. This does not happen immediately though; firstly he tells her he â€Å"was sellin’ thousands and thousands†; then he says he sold â€Å"five hundred gross in Providence and seven hundred gross in Boston†, before revealing that he actually sold â€Å"roughly two hundred gross on the whole trip†. When he is talking to his sons, he is trying to gain their love and respect, but he knows that he already has Linda’s, and so does not try to impress her. After claiming to his sons that he is â€Å"well liked†, he reveals to Linda that the other sellers laugh at him behind his back, and refer to him as â€Å"walrus†. He greatly exaggerates his successes; his earlier claims of easy access to wealth contrasts with his resignation that he has to be â€Å"at it, ten, twelve hours a day†. Linda is lovingly loyal and caring to Willy; she accepts and is used to his exaggerations. She patiently ignores the lies, and awaits the true answer to her question. She attempts to comfort him and make him feel good about himself, to display her love for him. When he tells her that he talks too much, she replies â€Å"you’re just lively†. She tells him that he is, to her, â€Å"the handsomest man in the world†. We are then presented with the Woman from Boston, whom Willy has the affair with. Firstly, we hear her laugh, progressively loudening, whilst the Willy continues his conversation with Linda. She appears on stage through the use of a scrim, a fabric sheet which, with the use of lighting, can make whatever is behind the scrim gradually fade onto the stage. The use of the scrim and the laughter is reminiscent of a haunting ghost. This makes the audience feel like this is not a welcome memory; it plagues Willy’s thoughts like a ghost, a memory Willy would like to be rid of, but cannot leave behind. The memory of Linda darning some old stockings after he buys this Woman shows the audience his guilt over what he is doing, and we feel some sympathy for him. He appears to be having an affair with this woman simply because it makes him feel respected. He wants someone to laugh at his jokes, to compliment him, and to make him feel that he is not worthless. He looks pleased when she tells him that she â€Å"picked† him. What he has forgotten, of course, that he has the respect he so greatly desires from his wife, Linda. The Woman and Linda both appear on stage simultaneously, which gives us the feeling that although he doesn’t want to between them, he needs both; he has a burning need for attention, which is provided by the Woman, and needs support from Linda. From when he tells Linda to throw away the stockings that she is repairing, the end of the scene becomes less strictly realistic, and more a nightmare, spiralling out of control. Both Linda and Bernard become very out of character, seemingly unceasingly listing problems with his son Biff, despite his cries of â€Å"Shut up! † and â€Å"Get outa here! â€Å". He is dramatically trying to shut out the memories, to prevent him from coming to the realization that Biff was not perfect, and a lot of it was his fault. Willy is in between Bernard and Linda with a verbal onslaught of complaints about Biff. This peaks with an explosion of anger, with Willy telling himself that Biff was not a failure, comparing his son with Bernard. He finally just denies it – â€Å"I never in my life told him anything but decent things†. This scene is not, by any means, simply a memory. Its purpose is to provide us with an insight into the workings of Willy’s mind. It helps us begin to understand how Willy got into the mental state that we have seen in the play. As we have seen, the use of staging, language and structure have all been important for us to begin our understanding. But Willy does not completely confront the whole truth about his son, but he shuns it, leaving us wondering when he will inevitably confront his past mistakes, and how he will react.

Spanish Words for Snow and Winter Weather

An urban legend has it that the Eskimo language has 25 (or many more, depending on the version) words for snow. While the statement is seriously flawed, it does have some truth to it: Living languages, by their very nature, come up with the words or means to describe nearly everything that people talk about and to differentiate among them. While Spanish may not be a language instantly associated with snow — most Spanish-speaking countries are in moderate climates — it has plenty of words and phrases for the white stuff, as this listing shows. Words and Phrases for Snow and Related Phenomena el agua nieve, el aguanieve: sleet, rain mixed with snowel chubasco: intense snow showerla conchesta: large snowdriftcopo, copo de nieve: snowflakela cornisa de nieve: cornicela cubiera de nieve: snow covercubierto de nieve: snow-coveredel cà ºmulo de nieve: snowdriftla escarcha: frostescarchado: covered with frostel glaciar: glacierla granizada: hailstormel granizo: hail, sleet, hailstone. The verb form is granizar.el granizo blando: soft hail, graupel, snow pelletla helada: frosthelado: (adjective) frozen, very coldel hielo: icela nevada: snowfall; the amount of snow that has fallen over a period of time without interruptionel nevado: snow-capped mountain, snowcap (Latin American usage)nevar: to snow (The Spanish verb is defective in that it is used only in the third-person singular form.)la nevasca: fallen snow, snowfall, snowstorm, blizzardla nevazà ³n: snowstorm (word used in parts of South America)el nevero: permanent mountain snowfield or the snow in such a snowfieldla nieve : snowla nieve amontanada: driven snowla nieve artificial: artificial snowla nieve derretida: melted snow, snowbrothla nieve dura: crusty snow, packed snowla nieve fresca: fresh snowla nieve fusià ³n: snow that becomes almost liquid when it is skied or slid uponla nieve hà ºmeda: wet snowla nieve medio derretida: slushla nieve polvo: powder snow; a more colloquial term is nieve azà ºcar. meaning sugar snowla nieve primaveral: spring snowlas nieves: snowfallla nieve seca: dry snowla nieve virgen: virgin snowla piedra: hailstone (the word can refer to any type of stone)la rà ¡faga: flurry (the word can also be used to refer to a rain shower)la tormenta de nieve: snowstormla ventisca: blizzardventiscar, ventisquear: to blow snow with a strong wind, to blow a blizzardel ventisquero: snowdrift Spanish Words for Items or Situations Related to Snow aislado por la nieve: snowbound, snowed under, snowed inel alud: avalanchela avalancha: avalanchebloqueado por la nieve: snowbound, snowed under, snowed inla bolita de nieve, la bola de nieve: snowballlas cadenas para nieve: snow chainscegado por la nieve: snow-blindel esquà ­: skiesquiar: to skila motonieve: snowmobileel muà ±eco de nieve: snowmanla quitanieve, la quitanieves: snowplowla raqueta de nieve: snowshoeel snowboard: snowboardla tabla para nieve: snowboardel traje de invierno: snowsuit, winter clothing Translations of English Words or Phrases Using snow Blancanieves: Snow Whitetomarle el pelo a alguien: to do a snow job on someonela nieve, la cocaà ­na: snow (slang term meaning cocaine)el raspado: snowcone (term used in parts of Latin America) Sample Sentences Siguià ³ nevando todo el dà ­a. (It kept on snowing  all day.)Si has llegado a tu destino y continà ºa granizando, no salgas del coche hasta que pare o se debilite la tormenta. (If you have arrived at your destination and it keeps on hailing, dont leave your car until it stops or the storm weakens.)El frà ­o de la noche originà ³ una capa de hielo en el parabrisas. (The cold of the night created a layer of ice on the windshield.)La nieve dura es una de las nieves mà ¡s difà ­ciles de esquiar. (Packed snow is one of the most difficult snows for skiing.)El nieve polvo de Colorado es legendaria. (The powder snow of Colorado is legendary.)Los turistas de la motonieve han llegado a la meta, totalmente agotados pero muy satisfechos. (The snowmobile tourists have arrived at the destination, totally worn out but very satisfied.)Corrà ­amos el riesgo de quedar bloqueados por la nieve. (We ran the risk of remaining snowed in.)Una fuerte nevada cayà ³ en las altas cumbres, donde la g ente llegà ³ a armar muà ±ecos. (A heavy snowfall fell in the high peaks, where people arrived to build snowmen.)